Compartment Syndrome

What is Compartment Syndrome?

Compartment syndrome is a painful condition. It occurs due to dangerous levels of pressure buildup in the muscles. The pressure is known to reduce blood flow and prevent nourishment and oxygen from reaching nerve and muscle cells.

Stages and Types of Compartment Syndrome

Compartment Syndrome is broadly classified into the following:

1. Acute Compartment Syndrome
2. Chronic (exertional) Compartment Syndrome

Acute Compartment Syndrome: This condition typically occurs after one experiences a significant injury. However, in some rare cases, it can also develop after a minor injury. Some of the classic examples of injuries that follow this syndrome include:

• A Fracture
• An injury that crushes the arm or leg
• A severely bruised muscle
• First aid for broken bones and fractures
• Wearing a cast or tight bandage
• Heavy consumption of alcohol or drugs

Chronic (Exertional) Compartment Syndrome - This form of compartment syndrome occurs after doing an exercise involving repetitive motion. The condition is more common among individuals doing activities such as tennis, swimming, or running. People under 40 are also at greater risk of developing the condition.

Symptoms of Compartment Syndrome

Symptoms of Acute Compartment Syndrome develop within a few hours of an injury. The most common ones include the following:

• Tightness
• Intense and continuous pain in an arm or leg
• No sensation or feelings of numbness in an arm or leg
• Bruises
• Swelling

Symptoms of Chronic Compartment Syndrome can be observed after the exertion of the body. These usually subside with some rest and a little relaxation. Common symptoms of this condition include:

• Intense pain
• Trouble moving legs
• Muscle bulging
• Tingling and/or burning sensations
• Stiffness in the arm or leg

Risk Factors of Compartment Syndrome

The following factors can increase one’s risk of developing compartment syndrome:

Age: Although individuals of any age can develop this condition, it is most common among athletes (men and women) under age 30.

Physical Activity: Individuals doing repetitive impact activity, including jogging, jumping, etc., are at greater risk of developing the condition.

Overtraining: Intense workouts or spending several hours working out can increase the risk of chronic exertional compartment syndrome.

Causes of Compartment Syndrome

Compartment syndrome can develop due to swelling or bleeding inside a compartment. It builds up pressure inside the compartment, restricting normal blood flow. If left untreated, it can lead to permanent damage due to a lack of nutrients and oxygen supply to muscles and nerves. The condition may lead to amputation if not treated on time.

Prevention of Compartment Syndrome

Although there is no definite way to prevent compartment syndrome, specific measures can help:

Early Diagnosis: Consult a doctor and know your risk factors to avoid the early onset of the condition and prevent it in the long run.

Appropriate Shoes: Wearing the right shoes is one of the best ways to prevent an inadequate blood supply to the legs.

Athlete: Individuals involved in playing sports or professional athletes are advised to alter their gait pattern to prevent Compartment Syndrome.

Flexibility: It is important to boost flexibility in the affected areas.

Frequently Asked Questions

• Diagnosis and Treatment